Abstract. The article reveals the valuable cultural and historical foundations of the emergence of science in Modern times; reveals, in this regard, the specificity and difference of the natural and socio-humanitarian sciences that arose and developed in Modern times; reveals the problems of disappearance in the modern cultural situation, in the situation of Postmodernism, the value foundations of science; Accordingly, the problematic nature of the existence and development of the science of culture in this kind of cultural and historical context is revealed, which is associated not only with the disappearance of the value foundations of science, but also with the disappearance of the object of research of the science of culture - culture itself, as, first of all, a value–semantic system–matrix.